Visual Documentation on the Work of Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen

Iran's Vulnerability Assessment - Essay Example The clash of control is debilitating Iran’s government and there is no piece of information if this destabilization will decrease down. Iran is likewise confronting ethnic dangers as an inside destabilizing issue. There is strict tyranny in the nation which is the passing of vote based system. The alleged religious pioneers and heavenly authorities have been overseeing the nation for a long time. Religious government is the standard. In this way, free idea and articulation is confined. The official religion is Islam however Shia’s are given inclination which implies that Iran reviews its residents as top of the line or inferior. We don't perceive any non-Persian Iranian in political force. Non-Farsi nationalities can't utilize their language or culture inside the nation, for instance in training. There additionally exists sexual politically-sanctioned racial segregation in Iran which mistreats women’s rights. â€Å"As far as the issue of religion, honestly the issue for Iran isn't any religion or philosophy, not even Shia religion†, composes Gandhi. Non-Muslims or minorities who don't hold fast to the official religion face numerous dangers like kidnappings and killings. Opportunity of religion doesn't win which prompts abuse of the non-Muslims. The severity in the reception of religion by radical Muslims has made a fracture between the residents and the religion. Since, as recently expressed, the religion inclines toward the Shia’s, this prompts the production of factions and gatherings which further debilitates the country’s solidness. As indicated by Radio Zamaneh, â€Å"a gathering of 110 activists in Iran has given an announcement denouncing the military dangers against their country†. Seen military dangers have kept on presenting threats to the country’s honesty for quite a long time. The undemocratic pioneers have been utilizing military mediations to utilize war to accomplish their targets of mistreating people’s rights and necessities. Ahmadinjead has been telling the world that Iran isn't

The United States and Japan After World War II

The United States and Japan After World War II In the wake of enduring annihilating losses at every others hands during World War II, the U.S. also, Japan had the option to manufacture a solid after war strategic partnership. The U.S. State Department despite everything alludes to the American-Japanese relationship as the foundation of U.S. security interests in Asia and . . . crucial to local security and flourishing. The Pacific portion of World War II, which started with Japans assault on the American maritime base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, finished right around four years after the fact when Japan gave up to American-drove Allies on September 2, 1945. The acquiescence came after the United States had dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan. Japan lost approximately 3 million individuals in the war. Prompt Post-War Relations The triumphant partners put Japan under worldwide control. U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was the preeminent leader for the reproduction of Japan. Objectives for remaking were majority rule self-government, financial solidness, and tranquil Japanese concurrence with the network of countries. The United States permitted Japan to keep its sovereign -  Hirohito -after the war. Be that as it may, Hirohito needed to deny his heavenliness and openly bolster Japans new constitution. Japans U.S.- endorsed constitution allowed full opportunities to its resident, made a congress - or Diet, and denied Japans capacity to make war. That arrangement, Article 9 of the constitution, was clearly an American command and response to the war. It read, Aspiring earnestly to a worldwide harmony dependent on equity and request, the Japanese individuals everlastingly deny war as a sovereign right of the country and the danger or utilization of power as a mean of settling global questions. So as to achieve the point of the first section, land, ocean, and aviation based armed forces, just as other war potential, will never be kept up. The privilege of belligerency of the state won't be perceived. Japans post-war constitution got official on May 3, 1947, and Japanese residents chose another lawmaking body. The U.S. what's more, different partners marked a harmony arrangement in San Francisco officially finishing the war in 1951. Security Agreement With a constitution that would not allow Japan to shield itself, the U.S. needed to assume on that liability. Socialist dangers exposed War were genuine, and U.S. troops had just utilized Japan as a base from which to battle socialist animosity in Korea. Accordingly, the United States coordinated the first of a progression of security concurrences with Japan. Synchronous with the San Francisco settlement, Japan and the United States marked their first security bargain. In the arrangement, Japan permitted the United States to base armed force, naval force, and aviation based armed forces work force in Japan for its safeguard. In 1954, the Diet started making Japanese ground, air, and ocean self-protection powers. The JDSFs are basically part of nearby police powers because of the protected limitations. In any case, they have finished missions with American powers in the Middle East as a component of the War on Terror.​ The United States likewise started returning pieces of the Japanese islands back to Japan for regional control. It did so steadily, returning piece of the Ryukyu islands in 1953, the Bonins in 1968, and Okinawa in 1972. Arrangement of Mutual Cooperation and Security In 1960, the United States and Japan marked the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. The arrangement permits the U.S. to keep powers in Japan. Occurrences of American servicemen assaulting Japanese youngsters in 1995 and 2008 prompted warmed requires the decrease of American troop nearness in Okinawa. In 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Japanese Foreign Minister Hirofumi Nakasone consented to the Guam International Arrangement (GIA). The understanding required the evacuation of 8,000 U.S. troops to a base in Guam. Security Consultative Meeting In 2011, Clinton and U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates met with Japanese agents, reaffirming the U.S.- Japanese military partnership. The Security Consultative Meeting, as indicated by the State Department, plot territorial and worldwide normal vital goals and featured approaches to fortify security and resistance collaboration. Other Global Initiatives Both the United States and Japan have a place with an assortment of worldwide associations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperative (APEC). Both have cooperated on such issues as HIV/AIDS and an Earth-wide temperature boost.

The Glass Passenger by Jacks Mannequin free essay sample

Jack’s Mannequin’s most current collection â€Å"The Glass Passenger† was discharged in September 2009. With a beachy direction, lead-artist Andrew McMahon belts out tempting verses. They are known for their 2004 collection titled â€Å"Everything In Transit† with tunes, for example, â€Å"Dark Blue†, and â€Å"I’m Ready†. In the new collection they appear to take an increasingly passionate turn, through more slow beats and rousing verses. With a more genuine collection spread than previously, delineating a craftsman playing piano, supplements their new tone. One much anticipated melody remembered for the collection is â€Å"The Resolution†. This melody utilizes verses we would all be able to identify with, for example, â€Å"There’s a great deal that I don’t know. There’s a great deal that I’m still learning.† This melody was made into a music video discharged before with the executive, Stephe nie Meyer. Stephenie, the creator the extremely well known Twilight Saga, utilized numerous types of imagery, for example, a heart made of rocks washed away on a sea shore. We will compose a custom paper test on The Glass Passenger by Jacks Mannequin or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another moving tune on the collection is â€Å"Swim†. This melody utilizes swimming as an image for traversing the battles throughout everyday life. Andrew implies individuals â€Å"watching† you as a big name, the â€Å"lost politicians† in our current monetary emergency, and some more. Different melodies I appreciate from the 19 tally track are â€Å"Spinning and â€Å"Annie Use your Telescope†. I strongly suggest this collection. Fanatics of Jack’s Mannequin in their previous years may concede that they have taken an alternate bearing, yet this new turn merits becoming accustomed to.

Intrapreneurship Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Abstract Intrapreneurship is an inevitable aspect for the success and sustenance of an organisation that keeps in pace with the changing trends in the market and relies on innovative concepts for growth. Innovative ideas are usually suggested by the research and development experts of an organisation. However, research by the employees of the organisation who are well aware of the organisational objective is a cost and time effective method to venture into a new business, or to improve an existing product. An employee who acts as an entrepreneur and researches the development of innovative ideas is called an intrapreneurial researcher. The role of intrapreneurial researchers is highly sought after in organisations that diversifies and improves its various business ventures. Introduction Intrapreneurship is beneficial for the performance and revitalization of large organizations and small and medium enterprises. Intrapreneurial research is significant to develop innovative ideas to diversify existing business with the production of new services, products and technologies. Intrapreneurial research also supports the revitalization process such as reorganization, strategy reformulation and organizational change. Intrapreneurial research is undertaken by an intrapreneur who has inherent qualities like competitiveness, initiative, aggressiveness and the courage to take risk to achieve organizational objectives. The orientation, activities and emphasis of intrapreneurship is similar to the traits required for entrepreneurship as recommended in Schumpeterian innovation. In a general view, the improvement of existing products and services and the use of administrative techniques, markets and technologies to conduct organizational operations such as marketing, produ ction, distribution and sale and establishing a change in organising, strategy and managing competitors are innovations made by the intrapreneurial researcher. Intrapreneurship is an important attribute that predicts the absolute growth of an organization and overcomes traditional bureaucratic barriers to adhere to high standards for open communications, assessment of business environment and the renewal of business policies to act proactively in the ever competitive marketplace. An intrapreneurial researcher plays a significant role in transition economies to adapt to the changing standards of developed economies to sustain the profitability and growth of existing organizations (Antoncic, B. Hisrich, R.D. 2001 p.495-527). Who are intrapreneurs? Intrapreneurs or in-house entrepreneurs are dreamers and doers who have the capability to accelerate the speed and improve the cost effectiveness of transferring technology to the market place. Traditional research methods ignore the services of the intrapreneur. This method does not yield a good result during product innovation because an outside researcher requires more time to understand the organisational objectives and therefore this kind of research is time consuming and expensive. The size of the budget and the extent of self sufficiency are important factors during innovation. A cost effective innovation emerges out of an organization when a person is passionate about bringing out an innovative concept and functions with enthusiasm to develop it using the available organisational system. This gives a new insight for the R D managers to recognize and understand the significance of intrapreneurs (Pinchot, G. 1987). Risk and Returns in intrapreneurial research Intrapreneurial research is carried out by intrapreneurs or employee entrepreneurs or intra-corporate entrepreneurs working within an organisation who risk something of value to achieve a greater objective. The risk may be in the form of the time required to accomplish a preliminary research or a business plan while simultaneously holding the responsibilities as a corporate manager. The risk may also include financial sacrifices in the way of cut down on increments until the successful accomplishment of the new business or a reduction of certain percent of salary until the bonus for accomplishment is declared. The intrapreneur has to negotiate the quantum of risk for each project with the management, since risk is a factor that tests and improves the drive and conviction of the intrapreneur. Further, the organization is bound by an implied contract to abstain from interrupting the actions of the intrapreneur unless in the case of poor performance. In the course of the prod uct development, the researcher intrapreneur must make use of the opportunity to create a value similar to capital. On successful completion of a research project, the intrapreneur has the right to avail rewards and incentives from the organization based on the completed research which is predetermined by a trusted committee. The amount of reward is calculated either as a fraction of the value of the project or on the basis of accounting systems of the organisation. Other than the cash bonus, the intrapreneur has total control over a specific amount of research and development funds which the intrapreneur can invest on behalf of the organization for future research projects. These funds are called intra-capital (Pinchot III, G. Pinchot, E.S. 1978). Who can become intrapreneurs? Intrapreneurial research is delegated to employees with a good performance record and business acumen during the initial stage of innovation. These traits enable a seasoned manager to face challenges with respect to the new venture efficiently (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999 p.33). When an intrapreneur is given the responsibility in a large organization to work with the internal service intraprise, they tend to show more enthusiasm to achieve their mission because they are responsible to manage the internal profit centres. In the due course, intrapreneurs pay attention to notice the highest revenue generating function and use customer feedbacks to understand their requirements in a better, faster and cheaper manner (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999P.36). The creativity in the intrapreneurs enable them to foresee how potential customers would envisage a new product (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999P.37). The outcome of delegating responsibility in this manner is a complete intrapreneur ial organization that results in new vistas in productivity and innovation. Support from the organisation The organisation is also accountable while delegating intrapreneurial research. The organisation has to support the intrapreneurial researcher in terms of periodical coaching in addition to the initial workshop, and allocate essential resources. The extent of progress in the research has to be reviewed after six months and any obstacles identified in the research has to be rectified (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999P.36). Intrapreneurship in research and development requires the intrapreneur to possess different levels of skill from the one possessed as a corporate manager. The strategies of traditional managers to follow existing hierarchical structures with less risk factor and more short term goals inhibits the flexibility, creativity and risk needed to accomplish innovative ventures. Therefore, while setting up intrapreneurship, encouragement from the organization to experiment new concepts together with an environment for voluntary intrapreneurship and the promotion of team work is essential. The intrapreneur must work within the organizational structure diplomatically with open discussions and support from team members and must be persistent to overcome unavoidable barriers (Hisrich et al. 2005 p.54). The intrapreneur also avails freedom and privilege in terms of exemptions from controls that exist in a large organization (McKenna, E.F.2000 p.241). Traits and tasks of intrapreneurs One of the most important qualities in an intrapreneurial researcher is the awareness about competitors. The awareness that customers have alternatives in the marketplace enables the intrapreneur to research and design innovative products by considering the reality. Intrapreneurial research entails the researcher to place positive concern over the product, generate leads for the products, ascertain the leads, respond to the needs of customers, explain the product, handle objections, close sale and offer after sale support (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999 p.38) Intrapreneurship in research begins with a business plan. The early stage of a business plan is a mere fantasy which the intrapreneurial researcher has to transform into a reality. In the course of the transition various questions arise about the plausibility and consistency of the innovation. This step is followed by the research to find solutions to complex assumptions. On completion of the process, intrapreneurs obs erve the fact, and the errors in the innovation plan are then corrected to meet the actual objective of the research (Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999 p.39). Intrapreneurship and the organisation On completion of the research project, intrapreneur has to take the project to the business development stage by testing and validating the new concept. This is called proof of concept. In case the intrapreneur has conducted market testing for a product, the same can be provided as a proof to support the claim that there is market potential for the innovative venture (Alterowitz, R Zonderman,J. 2006 p.92). Conclusion It may be concluded that intrapreneurs are highly motivated, committed and proactive individuals who can sense opportunities in the market and employ entrepreneurial principals in the creation of innovative marketing decisions (Weaven, S.2004). Intrapreneurial researchers persistently reassess the dimensions that forecast, describe and design circumstances in which intrapreneurship flourish (Hornsby et al. 1993). These traits of an intrapreneurial researcher are also observed in an entrepreneur. References: Alterowitz, R Zonderman, J. 2006 Financing your business made easy California: Entrepreneur Press Antoncic, B. Hisrich, R.D. 2001 Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation Journal of Business Venturing Vol.16, Iss.5, p.495-527 Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VDH-42JYW56-4_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=976947237_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=10e7cdbbcecfa450fc64c7d3d5982cef. Retrieved on August 14, 2009 Hornsby, J.S., Naffziger, D.W., Kuratko,D.F. Montagno, R.V. 1993 An Interactive Model of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Process Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 17 https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002192997. Retrieved on August 14, 2009 McKenna, E.F.2000 Business psychology and organisational behaviour: a students handbook New York: Psychology Press Pinchot III, G. Pinchot, E.S. (1978) Intra-Corporate Entrepreneurship Available: https://www.intrapreneur.com/MainPages/History/IntraCorp.html. Retrieved on August 14, 2009 Pinchot, G. (1987) Innovation through intrapreneuring Research Management Volume XXX No.2 Available: https://www.intrapreneur.com/MainPages/History/InnovThruIntra.html. Retrieved on August 14, 2009 Pinchot,G. Pellman, R. 1999 Intrapreneuring in action: a handbook for business innovation San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Hisrich, R.D., Peters, M.P. Shepherd,D.A. 2005 Entrepreneurship New York: McGraw Hill Professional Weaven, S. 2004 Intrapreneurial Behaviour within the Franchising Context Marketing Accountabilities and Responsibilities Conference Proceedings of ANZMAC 2004 Available: https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/10072/2340/1/26238_1.pdf. Retrieved on August 14, 2009

Littering the The World - 568 Words

As you walk down the packed streets of New York City, 8.3 million people are out and about. Its 7pm and you’re eating a granola bar headed to see the newest big hit on Broadway. Once you finish, you look around and realize there is no garbage pails anywhere nearby. So you toss your wrapper in the street and think nothing of it and casually walk away and go on with your evening†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ As a matter a fact, many people do this every day all around the world. And there is a name for it too, litter. Litter is trash, such as paper, cans, and bottles that is left out in an open or public place. There are many effects that litter can do. Litter that is lying in the streets gets blown into sewers and clogs the sewers and waterways. From there, it flows into bodies of water. Chemicals and toxins from plastic bottles escape into water systems. Animals get cut on sharp metal or broken glass and get stuck inside bins and containers. When food litter is littered from a vehicle, it brings animals to the road, and then they run onto incoming traffic and quickly become road kill, that can hurt your car. These are some environmental effects that litter can do. There is also an economic aspect to the harms of litter. Houses in littered neighborhoods sell for less money, and much of what is thrown away or littered could have been recycled and could have been made into something new. But surprisingly, the most littered item in the world is a cigarette butt. They may be small, but there harm is muchShow MoreRelatedEssay on Littering1018 Words   |  5 Pages Littering is not a new issue. In fact, littering has been an ongoing topic that has seen both periods of great attention and periods of neglect. A period of great attention being the 1970s, featuring Iron Eyes Cody, the crying Indian, in the Keep America Beautiful commercial. 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Financial and Economic Literacy for Managers †Click on Solution

Question: 1. Explain the principles of business and financial economics in an international context2. Identify and explain the impact of governmental, monetary and economic policy on decision making in a business context.3. Describe and apply macro and micro concepts and models to business decision making.4. Interpret financial information (external and internal) and apply to decision making within a business context.5. Discuss the rationale and impact of decisions for business strategies to users and stakeholders.6. Examine and discuss the relationship between theory, application in business and financial economics in an international context. Answer: Introduction The expansions of financial services have resulted in increased focus on understanding financial systems and global markets. People often wonder how financial markets work and how they impact on the global economies. Understanding how firms and consumers behave in different markets setting, how capital markets operates and the financial decisions made to improve performances are important elements for financial and economic managers (Hein, 2013, p 9). Managers need to learn how to interpreted and apply financial information by understanding the decision making within the financial and capital markets and the types of financial instrument that are used in these market and how the market interact with the economy as a whole. Combining both the financial and economic elements will help manager develop a range of skills to improve the origination strategic decision making, planning, and risk management processes. Production process. The production process determines the economic well-being of a country; this implies that all economic activities are meant to satisfy human needs. During production, two features determine the economic well-being these include the price-quality ratio of goods and increased incomes. To understand a country's economy, we must know the three production process (Hax, 2013, p 709). The three classifications of production The three classification of production includes mass production, batch production, and job production. Production managers need to choose the appropriate methods for their business. The decision of choosing particular production type will be determined by the nature of the products and the quantity to be produced (Hax, 2013, p 710). Job production Using this type production, goods are to be produced within the specified standards and customers' instruction. Each type of product will vary in size and nature ad requires separate activities during production. Equipment will have to be adjusted in a way that suits the customer's specifications. Job production involves the period when the order is received up to the time the end product has been generated. During this process, the raw materials are gathered, and parts of the production component are assembled to produce the final product. For example a boat builder can receive an order to produce a yacht with specific features; on the other hand, a hairdresser can be requested to create a unique hairstyle for a special occasion Hax, 2013, p 713). Batch production: Batch production is also termed as repetitive production; this process involves producing the quantity known in advanced. The identical products are in batches, unlike job production. During batch production, a group of products generated at once and work is divided into different operational processes. Production is conducted in stages when one stage is complete it is passed on to the next stage to complete the product. Batch production is best suited for the production of confectionery, medicine, and food industry. During this process work will be divided into two different operations including completing the first batch before passing the batch to the net operation process (Hax, 2013, p 714). Mass or flow production Mass production is a process that involves the continuous production of product on a large scale. This involves selling in anticipation of future demands. Standardized products act as the basis for mass production; this means using standardized material and equipment for production. During mass production since the production if continuous it requires a proper sequence of operation. Mass production is best used for car manufacturing and fast food production because mass production involves the process of producing in large quantities at a lower cost per unit (Hax, 2013, p 715). Opportunity costs An opportune cost is a process of analyzing the benefits that one is likely to receive after choosing from various available options. In finance, the opportunity cost is used to measure the differences in returns to be received when one the investment and forgo the other. For example, if one invests in stocks that give a return of 2 percent over the year, placing the money in stock exchange the investor has given up the opportunity to invest in other available investment options. Investment option can be like buying government bonds that can generate 6 percent profit (Hein, et al., 2012, p 46). Evolution of the UK standard industrial classification (SIC) since 1948 The standard industrial classification is a system used in the UK for classifying industries using a four digit code. The system was first introduced in the UK in 1948 to classify business establishment by type of economic activity they engage in. This classification offers a framework for to proper collection, presentation and data analysis that promotes uniformity. The SIC can be used for administrative purposes to classify industrial activities into a common structure. This code enables investors to know about a company's existence (Hein, et al., 2012, p 65). The shift in the demand curve and the movement of the demand curve Product demand keeps on evolving due to certain factors, the demand at times can increase or decrease for specific products. Being aware of what a demand curve is and shifting which is the movement along the demand curve means that one can have a clue of the changes needed to implement to meet the market demands (Fukuda-Parr et al., 2013,p 8). According to the laws of demand when other things are equal the price of goods or services rises, the quantity demand falls and when the prices fall the demand increases. Therefore if there are any changes in prices, there will be a movement along the demand curve. An increase in price is marked as P1 results to P2 causing the change in quantity demand. Price changes do not shift the entire demand curve but only moves the curve from one point to the other as indicated in the diagrams below (Fukuda-Parr et al., 2013, p 11). Shift in the Demand Curve When the shift in the demand curve occurs, the entire demand curve will move to either left or right. For instance increase in income can be translated to mean that people can spend more even when the prices do not change. The shift of the demand curve to the right can be as a result of the increased price of a substitute good or when there is increase income among individuals. For instance, if there is an increase in prices of petrol the movement along demand curve will be noticed because the product will buy in small quantities. But in the long run, the curve may shift to the left due to people looking for alternatives (Fukuda-Parr et al., 2013, p 23). The income and substitution and the effect of an increase in price. The income effects analyze how changes in prices can affect consumer income and how much-increased income can result to low demands. The substitution effect is about increased in prices of good that encourages the consumer to look for alternative goods. The substitution effects are about the high process and consumer response. For example, if the prices of meat increases then higher prices might encourage the consumer to look for other options like vegetables, meaning that consumers are likely to avoid buying meat due to the income effects (Hein, 2013, p 5). 2. Two types of markets In business, markets can be defined using the product or the end consumers to both of these features. The common distinction of the market is between consumer and industrial markets. Consumer markets Products and services in this market are bought by individual for consumption these goods include fast moving goods like foodstuffs and durable goods like household items. Industrial market The industrial market involves selling goods among business enterprises .the goods are not directly produced for consumers. For example office furniture or selling raw material like steel. This can also include selling services like security and legal services (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4439). Public goods Public good is an item that is consumed by the society and can be consumed without necessarily reducing its availability. Public goods cannot be withheld from consumers. A dam is an example of public good. Economists refer to public goods as nonrivalrous and no excludable, meaning that people can benefit from using these goods without reducing its availability (Hax, 2013, p 711). Ways in which government intervenes in the market Due to the nature of markets, unequal distribution of resources is likely to affect the countries' Gross domestic product. Therefore, government intervention in markets is important to minimize inequalities in markets and also increase individual income. Government using its legislative arm formulates policies related to taxes, subsidies, and expenditure. Taxes can help regulate resource use some of these taxes include taxes to from import or export while pushing up domestic prices for imported product. This is meant to spur economic growth. (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4440). The government through the Federal Reserve uses specific policies to influence the economy. For example monetary, policies are a strategy to stimulate economic growth. Due of fear of inflation the central bank can incentivize businesses owners to borrow and spend faster. The government can also use open market operations; this process includes the central bank ensuring that money adequately circulates by buying and selling of treasury bills and bond or selling foreign currencies. (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4441). The key macroeconomic policy objectives that governments typically pursue Some of the key macroeconomic policy objective the government is likely to pursue to attempt to increase economic welfare includes price stability. Price stability is a strategy the government is likely to pursue to prevent economic fluctuation and also help in attaining a steady economic growth. Economic growth can be realized through labor force, capital formation or technological processes. The government can seek to achieve a higher economic growth over a long period to improve the living standard of its citizens. (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4442). The balance of payments equilibrium and exchange rate stability. The government would want to balance the flow of goods, assets, and service to remain stable. In situations when a country loses reserves, it might experience balance of payment deficit that is why the government is likely to prefer to build a substantial volume of foreign exchange reserves. Building a stable foreign exchange reserve ensures smooth flow of goods and services. (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4443). The government is likely to pursue the macroeconomic policy to attain some social objective; this means that the government will ensure that income distribution is more equitable. This strategy is likely to promote economic growth where resources are utilized effectively (Afonso and Sousa, 2012, p 4444). The circular flow of income The circular flow of income and spending indicate the connection between the different economic sectors. It shows how goods a services flow and the production factors between companies and households. After production of goods, the circular flow shows how income is generated according to production factors like land, or capital. Withdrawals are viewed as increases in relation to savings or taxes that reduce the circular flow of income. This process leads to multiple contractions of production. Injection into the circular flow is the added investment by government to boost the circular flow of income for expansion purposes (Hax, 2013, p 716). 3. The four major areas of finance The four major areas of finance include investment, cooperate finance, international finance, and financial institutions. The investment includes financial assets like stock and bonds. Financial institutions include banks like commercial and investment banks. Other institution includes insurance companies and brokerage firms. Hein, et al., 2012, p 53). International finance includes understanding how other countries economic activities enhance economic growth. This process involves understanding some of the international financial rules and regulations and how it might affect business processes. Corporate finance consists of understanding the financial activities that enable the corporation to run smoothly .these includes the department and their role in maximizing shareholder value. Hein, et al., 2012, p 58). The determinants of market interest rates Market interest rates are determined by the prices and duration, for example, the real risk-free rate is gained when there is no risk or uncertainty. Timing is the preference to spend whereby the interest rate will depend on if one decides to spend now or later. Some of the premiums include default risk premium; this occur when the borrower cannot make payment within the specified period. Premium, in this case, can be high or low depending on the worthiness of the credit (Chatziantoniou et al., 2013, p 754). Basic financial statements, including formats and purpose. The four types of the financial the statements include a statement of financial position also referred to as balance sheet. Balance sheet presents the financial status of a company. The income statement also known as the profit and loss statement presents the organization performance. Cash flow statement highlights the movement of cash and the balance remaining in a specific period. Some of the important activities in a cash flow statement include the operating activities, invsting activities and the financial activities. Statement of changes in equity helps companies to track its equity process over a given period (Hein, 2013, p 6). Marks and Spencer 2014 Annual Report financial statements According to Mark and Spencer annual financial statement, the liquid ratio of the company includes the current assets subtracted from the current liabilities Liquid ratio = current assets current liabilities 7,903.0 - 2,349.3= 5553.7 The liquid ratio of Mark and Spencer indicate that the company can pay its current liabilities when its due therefore the company can meet and pay its short-term debts (Marks and Spencer 2014, p 91). 4. Capital budgeting Capital budgeting is an important process because it creates accountability and measurable outcomes. If a business cannot measure the effectiveness of investment decision, the company is likely to fail in a competitive market environment. When investing, the decision process includes understanding the purpose, time; risks involved tool to be used to analyze its benefits and the process of monitoring and making necessary adjustments (Chatziantoniou et al., 2013, p 760). Understanding the purpose means why we want to invest, time is the period to achieve the purpose. The risk is analyzing certain barriers that might limit us from achieving our purpose investment. Tools are the financial products and the benefits, cost and the rules of use. Monitor and adjustment mean being proactive in monitoring and making changes where necessary (Chatziantoniou et al., 2013, p 761). Net present value (NPV) and investment NPV is an important tool used to make investment decisions because it will provide a clear picture on how the investment can add value to the company. Net present value can be used to acquire assets or for future capital projects. For example, a company can decide to open a new product line using NPV because it will help them project future cash inflows that cover the future costs related to starting and running the project (Hein et al., 2012, p 66). The yield curve and the interpretation of the different shapes yield curves are lines showing interest rate at a specific time on bonds having the same credit value and maturity date. The shape of the yield curves present, future interest rate changes in relation to economic activities. Iverted yield curve means that the long-term bonds may fall in relation to the economic recession. Therefore long maturity bond yields may have lower returns (Fukuda-Parr et al., 2013, p 29). If the required rate of return on these projects is 10 percent, which would be chosen and why? I would choose Project B because the cash flow indicates better yields in future compared to project A. If B project investment is at 50,000 and in five years generate a cash flow of 99,500, The cash flow annually will be at 99,500 50,000 = 49,500 Conclusion The above financial features are important in understanding how cash flow and expected returns on investment. Analyzing the economic elements and financial elements of a market has help managers make better investment decisions for future economic growth. Using different financial tools like financial statements and NPV managers can interpret the findings to make informed decisions on the financial and capital markets. References Afonso, A. and Sousa, R.M., 2012. The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy. Applied Economics, 44(34), pp.4439-4454. Chatziantoniou, I., Duffy, D. and Filis, G., 2013. Stock market response to monetary and fiscal policy shocks: Multi-country evidence. Economic Modelling, 30, pp.754-769. Fukuda-Parr, S., Heintz, J. and Seguino, S., 2013. Critical perspectives on financial and economic crises: heterodox macroeconomics meets feminist economics. Feminist Economics, 19(3), pp.4-31. Hein, E., Truger, A. and van Treeck, T., 2012. The European financial and economic crisis: Alternative solutions from a (Post-) Keynesian perspective. In The Euro Crisis (pp. 35-78). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Hein, E., 2013. 1 Finance-dominated capitalism, re-distribution and the financial and economic crises. Post-Keynesian Views of the Crisis and Its Remedies, p.15. Hax, A.C., 2013. Hierarchical production planning (pp. 708-716). Springer US. Marks and Spencer 2014. Annual Report financial statements.Retrived from : https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/b73df1d3e4f54f429210f115ab11e2f6

Personal Essay Student Samples - How to Write a Personal Essay?

Personal Essay Student Samples - How to Write a Personal Essay?It is really a challenging job to get all the info in your personal essay student samples. This is because many students are so busy with their studies that they hardly have time to focus on your personal essay samples. So, you need to make sure that you prepare good and interesting topic of your essay as well as deliver it in the way that it should be done. Here are some tips that you can use to make sure that you are a great essay writer.As you know, you are required to make use of academic sources. Therefore, make sure that you write about interesting topics and keep in mind that the topics must not be boring. You can include your personal experiences, use the sources from magazines, journals, and so on in your personal essay student samples.Now, as a professional essay writer, you must know the format of the subject of your essay. There are three formats that you should look for; the chronological format, the fixed fo rmat, and the customized format. You must know that the chronological format is the first one.In the chronological format, the first half of the essay is made up of parts that building the subject of the essay. You can start by giving an introduction, then focus on a particular area of interest in your life. After this, you should tell about your personal experiences that define you. The next paragraph that follows will have the real topic of your essay.In the fixed format, you will create a certain number of paragraphs that gives you the place where you need to start. These paragraphs will be divided into sections. Here, you can start with your topic and the next paragraph will contain your personal experiences.Lastly, the last format that we will look at is the customized form. Here, you will make use of special topics that do not fit in the chronological format.The high school student samples are available online and you can easily download these samples. There are many types of samples available and you must choose the one that suits you the best. If you find one that suits you the best, then you should use it.